The Rearmament Trap Europe’s military buildup carries a danger that extends beyond the size of its armies. When industrial policy, public finances, and political credibility become invested in a prolonged confrontation, preparations for war can acquire a constituency of their own. Governments may eventually discover that changing course requires a more difficult political operation than approving the next weapons order. Europe is committing itself to a substantial military transformation. At the Hague summit in June 2025, NATO members agreed to raise annual defense and security-related spending to 5 percent of GDP by 2035. That figure combines at least 3.5 percent for core military requirements with up to 1.5 percent for infrastructure, resilience, networks, and related purposes. The commitment includes annual national plans and a review in 2029. It establishes a long-term direction for public spending and military preparation. The European Union has supplied a corresponding fina...